Which describes positive reinforcement in dog training?

• A. A punishment is added after the behavior.
• B. Something desirable is subtracted after the behavior.
• C. A desirable consequence is presented after the behavior.
• D. An aversive is removed after the behavior.

Answer: (C)

Positive reinforcement in dog training means presenting something the dog wants after a behavior occurs to make that behavior more likely to happen again. So, giving a treat, praise, or a quick play session after the dog performs the desired behavior strengthens that behavior because the dog learns the behavior leads to a pleasant outcome. This is why the statement about presenting a desirable consequence after the behavior is the best description.

The other descriptions point to different learning processes. Adding an aversive after the behavior is a form of positive punishment, aimed at reducing the behavior. Subtracting something desirable after the behavior is negative punishment, which also aims to decrease the behavior. Removing an aversive after the behavior is negative reinforcement, which strengthens a behavior by taking away an unpleasant stimulus.